Final exam study guide

Due Mar 17 by 11:59pm
Points None

The final exam will be available through Canvas from Monday, 3/17, at 8 am to Tuesday, 3/18, at 11:59 pm

You can take the exam at any time within the open period, but you must complete it no later than March 18 at 11:59 pm (so make sure you start it at least an hour before then).
You will have 90 minutes to compete the exam once you log in. Make sure you’re prepared to finish the exam before you log in.
Questions for sections I and II will be randomly generated from a question bank, so each student will have a different version of the exam.
The study guide is the question bank for the exam. No questions will appear on the exam that are not on the study guide.
The exam is open book and open note, but you should really assemble all the answers to the questions on the study guide in advance of the exam. The exam is timed and it will kick you out after 60 minutes, so having all your notes assembled ahead of time is crucial.
The best way to study for the exam is to review your notes and the Powerpoints on the Canvas website (they're under Files in the Powerpoints folder). The Powerpoints contain the answers to almost all of the short answer questions, although some do come from the textbook. There is an index at the back of the textbook that you can use to look up specific events and people. There is also a glossary at the back of the textbook that you can use to look up terms and their definitions. I have also posted a glossary and a timeline on the Canvas website; the links to them are right above the Schedule of Classes.
Ignore your initial grade. Canvas is terrible at grading write in questions, but there is no way to disable the auto-grade feature. We know this is a problem, so we will be manually regrading each exam. Accurate scores for the exam will be published in Canvas once the exams have all been graded. We will notify you when they are ready.

I: Definitions

20 of these will appear on the exam. You will match the terms to their definitions. 1 point each; 20 points total.

(Note: most of these terms are defined in the textbook or were explained in lecture. You should review your notes and use the glossary in the back of the textbook to look terms up; you can also use a standard dictionary or a Google search to look up definitions.)

Seigneurie banale

Manorialism

Papal monarchy

Unction

Excommunication

Interdict

Stirps regia

Primogeniture

Patrimony

Chivalry

Fief

Vassal

Homage

Featly

Seissin

Liege lordship

Subinfeudation

Scutage

Allod

Castellan

Demesne

Serf

Corvee

Carruca

Barons

Simony

Synod

Usury

Lay investiture

Pluralism

Waldensians

Papal legate

Transubstantiation

Eucharist

Commune

Milites Christi

Beguine

Juvenes

Oblate

Conversi

Antisacramental

Anticlerical

Trivium

Lectio

Disputatio

Regalian rights

Parliament

Parlement

Rex Christianissimus

Reconquista

Plenary indulgence

Penance

Flagellant

Conciliarism

II: Short Answer Questions

All of these topics were covered in lecture and/or the textbook. Answers should generally be one to three words, and sometimes a simple yes or no. You should review the Powerpoints on the course website to find the answers, and be aware that the study aids that previous students have posted on the internet contain a lot of incorrect answers, so you should just do it yourself if you want to do well on the exam.

40 of these questions will appear on the exam. 1 point each; 40 points total.

For questions involving dates, the year is sufficient. For questions involving people, you must include their full name to receive full credit (e.g. Anselm of Canterbury, Clement VII, or Henry I – Anselm, Clement, or Henry are NOT adequate answers because they are not specific enough and will only get you partial credit).

Which Danish king's conversion to Christianity helped bring an end to viking raids?
Which caliphate collapsed into civil war in 976, halting Muslim invasions of western Europe?
What is the name for the local warlords who took over many royal functions after the collapse of the Carolingian Empire?
What system of crop rotation became widespread during the 11^th century?
What technology drove the “proto-industrial revolution” of the 11^th century and was used to do everything from grinding grain to sawing lumber and processing cloth?
What was the earliest type of castle consisting of a wooden structure on an earthwork mound called?
What did territorial princes offer peasants in return for their labor?
Could a peasant be a vassal? (yes or no)
Did vassals technically own their fiefs? (yes or no)
What three things did lords receive in return for the fiefs they granted to their vassals?
What three things did lords promise to provide their vassals (other than a fief)?
What were the four occasions on which lords could levy feudal aids from their vassals?
What were the three feudal incidents?
Were vassals allowed to grant parts of their fiefs to other knights and gain their own vassals? (yes or no)
Which monastery became the model for 11^th century papal reforms?
Which pope made the College of Cardinals responsible for electing the pope?
Which pope gave his name to the entire series of 11^th century papal reforms?
Where did Emperor Henry IV perform penance in 1077?
What compromise resolved the Investiture Controversy in 1122?
Which Muslim ruler took the city of Jerusalem in 637?
What is the literal meaning of the word “Islam”?
What year was the Prophet Muhammed born?
What year did Muhammed make the hijra from Mecca to Medina?
What are the five pillars of Islam?

Who was the first caliph?
What relative of Muhammed was assassinated in 661, leading to the formation of the Shi’a.
What was the official language of the Islamic world (and the language of the Qur’an)?
What are the stories about the activities and sayings of the Prophet Muhammed known as?
What are the four trading centers or entrepots where western Europeans came into contact with people, ideas, and commodoties from the Islamic world?
What were the Christians of Al-Andalus known as?
What group defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 and captured Jerusalem in 1076?
Who preached the First Crusade at Clermont in 1095?
What does cruce signatus mean?
What leader of the People’s Crusade claimed he had a “letter from heaven” that promised the Christians would reclaim Jerusalem?
Which German count was responsible for the massacre of the Jewish community at Mainz on the way to the First Crusade?
Name the four Crusader States.
What year did Saladin capture Jerusalem?
Which crusade was launched against Cathar heretics in southern France?
What are the 4 chivalric values?
Which culture is largely responsible for preserving Greek philosophy and transmitting it back to western Europe in the 12^th century?
Which Muslim scholar’s systemization of Aristotle around the year 1000 laid the foundations of future philosophical thought in the field of logic?
Which English king commissioned Domesday Book?
Which English king is known as the father of the common law?
Which English king was forced to sign Magna Carta?
Who was the first Capetian king of France?
Which king won the Battle of Bouvines in 1214?
Which emperor coined the term sacrum imperium or “Holy (Roman) Empire” as a means of asserting independence from the papacy?
Which twelfth-century jurist compiled canon law in his Decretum?
Which pope compelled King John to become a papal vassal?
Which mendicant order was formed to combat the Cathar heresy and became known for its association with the inquisition?
Which saint was the first recorded stigmatic?
What type of religious institution/building were universities first attached to?
Could women and laypeople attend medieval universities? (yes or no)
What early twelfth-century intellectual popularized scholasticism and Aristotelian dialectic?
Which tenth-century scholar was responsible for introducing Arabic numerals into western Europe?
What monastic order founded by Robert of Molesme catered to juvenes?
Did aristocratic families normally raise their own children in the Middle Ages? (yes or no)
Why were Peter Waldo and the Waldensians condemned as heretics (what specific act did they commit)?
Who was the alleged victim in the first recorded accusation of ritual murder against the Jews?
What did kings gain by expelling Jews from their kingdoms?
Did most guilds accept Jews, Muslims, and women? (yes or no)
Which French king built the Sainte Chapelle and used the title rex Christianissimus?
What kind of Franciscan was Pope Nicholas IV?
Which 13^th century pope was the first to voluntarily resign the papacy?
Which pope issued Unam Sanctam during his battle with Philip the Fair?
Which two people captured the pope in 1303 (the Outrage at Anagni)?
How long did the Hundred Years War last? (give the total number of years)
Which English king was recognized as the heir to France by the Treaty of Troyes in 1420?
Name the three types of plague.
When did the Great Famine occur? (from what year to what year)
Which pope allegedly kept a pet demon in his ring that emerged at night to engage in debauchery with the pope?
Which king called the first meeting of the Estates General in order to shape French public opinion regarding his battle with the papacy?
What does Professor Urbanski think is the best name ever for a papal decree (hint: it was issued in 1301)? (give your answer in Latin and English)
When was the English Peasants’ Rebellion?
Which pope moved the papacy to Avignon?
The papacy resided in Avignon from what year to what year?
Was Avignon located in the kingdom of France during the 14^th century? (yes or no)
When was the Great Western Schism (from what year to what year)?
Who had himself crowned “poet laureate” in Rome in 1341?
Which pope had a portrait of his mistress dressed as the Virgin Mary painted over the door of his bedroom?
Which fifteenth-century Italian scholar used textual analysis to prove that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery?
Who called the Fifth Lateran Council in a belated attempt to address criticism of the clergy?
Who did Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz hire to sell indulgences for him?
Did Martin Luther believe that indulgences could be applied to the dead already in purgatory? (yes or no)

III: Timeline – 20%

20 of the following items will appear on the exam. Provide a year (or range of years) for each item and arrange them in chronological order. Provide regnal years for kings and use the first year of a king’s reign to determine his place in the timeline (e.g. William the Conqueror, r. 1066-1087, would be placed under 1066, the first year of his reign). Likewise, use the first year of a multi-year event to determine its place in the timeline (e.g. the Second Crusade, which occurred 1147-49, would be placed under 1147). See the example provided below.

Example:

711 Muslims invade Spain

1066-1087 William the Conqueror

1106 Death of Emperor Henry IV

1147-49 Second Crusade

Emperor Frederick II

Unam Sanctam

Death of Bernard of Clairvaux

First Council of Nicaea

Norman Conquest of England

Pope Boniface VIII

Viking attack on Lindisfarne

Fall of Acre ends the Latin Crusader States

Tacitus publishes the Germania

Odoacer deposes Romulus Augustulus

Hundred Years War

Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of the Romans

Emperor Frederick I

Death of Muhammad

Martin Luther publishes his 95 Theses

Great Western Schism

John XXII issues Cum inter nonnullos declaring the belief that Christ and the apostles owned nothing heretical

Pope Innocent III

Hugh Capet is elected King of France

Muslims conquer Sicily

Urban II preaches the First Crusade

Henry II of England

Avignon Papacy

Emperor Justinian

Pepin the Short deposes the last Merovingian

Black Death

Death of Peter Abelard

Crusaders capture Jerusalem during the First Crusade

Death of William of Norwich

Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert

Death of Augustine of Hippo

Crusaders conquer Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade

Death of Gregory of Tours

Emperor Constantine

Albigensian Crusade

Visigoths sack Rome

Clovis

Death of Francis of Assisi

Pope Gregory VII

Louis IX of France

Lex Salica

Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem

Saladin captures Jerusalem

IV: Primary Source Analysis The following excerpts are from primary sources we have read for class.

All of these will appear on the exam; you will CHOOSE ONE. Answers should be about 300 words. 20 points total.

Answers should do the following:

1. Explain what the text is (e.g. what type of source is it, what is the source about, what do we know about the author, what do we know about where his information comes from, what is the author’s bias, and are there any other issues with the source that need to be taken into account). This should take no more than a sentence or two; you should focus your efforts on the next two points.

2. Analyze the quote (briefly explain where the quote is situated in the text and explain what is going on in the quote itself).

3. Explain how this quote fits in with contemporary themes and/or events discussed in lecture and the textbook (contemporary does not mean modern in this context, it means "at the same time", so if a quote came out of a text produced during the first century, you should connect it to first-century themes and events, not themes and events from the sixth century or the present day).

CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:

1. Anonymous of York, Tractatus Eboracenses, c. 1100

No one should take precedence by right over [the king], who is blessed with so many and such great blessings, who is consecrated and made like unto God with so many and such great sacraments, for no one is consecrated and make like God with more or greater sacraments than he is, nor indeed with equivalent ones, and so no one is co-equal with him. Therefore he is not to be called a layman, for he is the anointed of the Lord, a God through grace, the supreme ruler, supreme shepherd, master, and defender of holy church, lord over his brothers, worthy to be adored by all men, chief and highest prelate.

2. The Song of Roland, c. 1100

Charles addresses his counts and his dukes: “What is your advice concerning those whom I detained? They came to support Ganelon in his trial; for Pinabel they agreed to become hostages.” The Franks reply: “Not a single one shall live.” The king commands his provost, Basbrun: “Go and hang them all from the gallows-tree. By this beard whose hair is hoary white, if one escapes, you are dead and ruined.” He replies: “What else could I do?” With a hundred serving-men he leads them away by force; there are thirty of them who were hanged. A traitor kills himself and his fellows.

3. Peter Abelard, Historia Calamitatum, c. 1132

My father had acquired some knowledge of letters before he was a knight, and later on his passion for learning was such that he intended all his sons to have instruction in letters before they were trained to arms. His purpose was fulfilled. I was his first-born, and being specially dear to him had the greatest care taken over my education. For my part, the more rapid and easy my progress in my studies, the more eagerly I applied myself, until I was so carried away by my love of learning that I renounced the glory of a military life, made over my inheritance and rights of the eldest son to my brothers, and withdrew from the court of Mars in order to be educated in the lap of Minerva. I preferred the weapons of dialectic to all the other teachings of philosophy, and armed with these I chose the conflicts of disputation instead of the trophies of war.

4. Pope Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam, 1302

Therefore, if the earthly power errs, it shall be judged by the spiritual power, if a lesser spiritual power errs it shall be judged by its superior, but if the supreme spiritual power errs it can be judged only by God not by man, as the apostle witnesses, “The spiritual man judgeth all things and he himself is judged by no man (1 Corinthians 2:15).” Although this authority was given to a man and is exercised by a man it is not human but rather divine, being given to Peter at God’s mouth, and confirmed to him and to his successors in him….

5. Jean de Joinville, The Life of Saint Louis, 1309

In his sermon he instructed the king that he should conduct himself in accordance with the wishes of his people. At the end of his sermon he said that he had read the Bible and the books that may be read alongside it, but never – in either the books of the faithful or of unbelievers – had he read of any kingdom or lordship that had been lost or had changed hands for any reason other than a lack of justice. “So the king should take care, now that he is going to France,” he said, “to offer justice to his people that he will retain God’s love, so that God will not take the kingdom of France from him during his lifetime.”

**Sample Excerpt and Analysis**

This is an example to give you an idea of what kinds of information we are looking for in the Primary Source Analysis and how much space you should devote to each part of the answer.

The Song of Roland, c. 1100

Roland said: “I shall sound the oliphant and Charles, who is going through the pass, will hear it. I pledge to you, the Franks will soon return.” Oliver said: “That would be most shameful and all your kinsmen would then be blamed; such shame would endure as long as they live. When I spoke to you of this, you did nothing. But you will not act so now on my advice. If you sound the horn, there will be no valour in it.”

Sample Analysis(What is the text?) The Song of Roland is a chanson de geste that gives a fictionalized account of Charlemagne’s wars in Spain. It circulated orally for many years before being written down by an anonymous author. As a fictional account, it tells us very little about Charlemagne’s historical activities, but it does give us insight into chivalric culture around the year 1100.

(Where is the quote situated in the text and what is going on in the quote?) Charlemagne’s nephew Roland has been put in charge of the king’s rear-guard as the army leaves Spain. Caught in a narrow pass, Roland and the rest of the rear-guard have been attacked by a much larger Saracen army. Although they are vastly outnumbered by the Saracens, Roland has thus far refused to sound his horn to call back the main body of the Frankish army, in spite of his companion Oliver’s pleas that he do so before the battle began. Now, after it has become clear that they will die, Roland finally sees the wisdom of blowing his horn and offers to call back the Franks. Oliver implies that in refusing to blow his horn before the fighting began, Roland accepted the terms of the battle. Oliver also argues that calling the army back now that the fighting has begun and the rear-guard is being defeated would indeed be a source of shame, not only for Roland, but for his kinsmen as well. While Oliver feels that calling for help before the battle began would have been wise (a virtue that Oliver embodies), he reminds Roland that calling for help when they are being beaten (and after Roland had committed to this course of action) is cowardly.

(How does this quote fit in to the contemporary themes and/or events discussed in lecture and the textbook) The exchange between Roland and Oliver reflects the premium placed on reputation and honor in twelfth-century knightly society, as well as the overwhelming fear of shame in this society. This fear of shame and desire for honor is the most important motivator for knights like Roland and Oliver, and it was the most important way for real knights in the twelfth century to advance in a society organized for war. Honorable and valorous acts were rewarded by lords, while a knight who shamed himself by acting dishonorably could expect no advancement. It is particularly important to note that just as one’s honor reflects well on one’s family, doing anything shameful will affect not only an individual, but all of their kin as well. Roland’s actions will affect not just himself, but everyone to whom he is related.